Juan M. Lora

Bio

My research group investigates planetary climates with a focus on hydrologic cycles such as those of Earth and Titan. This research encompasses atmospheric dynamics, radiative transfer, atmosphere-surface interactions, and many other topics. We mainly use a range of numerical simulations and observational datasets with the goal of understanding the processes occurring in the atmospheres of various planets, as well as how these have changed over time.

Undergraduate and graduate students and prospective postdoctoral researchers interested in joining my research group should contact me directly. If you are a prospective graduate student, please also visit the Yale Graduate School admissions page and our department’s Graduate Program page for relevant information.

Research

We are working to better understand the atmosphere and hydrologic cycle of Saturn’s moon Titan, a unique yet Earth-like world with an exotic but recognizable hydrologic cycle based on methane. Titan is the only body in the Solar System besides Earth with a massive nitrogen atmosphere and stable surface liquids, and its climate system plays an important role in many observable phenomena. In addition to having an atmosphere full of organic molecules, Titan likely hosts a sub-surface water ocean; it is therefore a key target for astrobiological exploration. 

Our main tool to investigate Titan is our ever-evolving climate model, the Titan Atmospheric Model, a general circulation model that is now coupled to a self-consistent surface hydrology model. We supplement our simulations with theory and analysis of observations of Titan, a wealth of which is available from the Cassini mission.

We also investigate various aspects of other Solar System worlds, including the atmospheres of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, as well as Earth’s water cycle with a particular focus on atmospheric rivers. Generally, we are interested in a broad, mechanistic understanding of climate, and bridging terrestrial climate and planetary sciences.

Collaborations

Dragonfly is a rotorcraft lander that will explore Titan in the 2030s. It is NASA’s fourth New Frontiers Program mission selection. This amazing mission will sample Titan’s surface materials, investigate prebiotic chemistry, and monitor, and make measurements of the atmosphere—including during flights.

ARTMIP is the Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project, a project to compare methods for detecting atmospheric rivers. The goal is to better understand and quantify uncertainties in atmospheric river science based on methodology. ARTMIP also maintains a series of detection catalogues and corresponding datasets.

Students and Postdocs

Current Group Members

Postdoctoral Researchers:

• Bowen Fan: Bowen is broadly interested in planetary science and climate science. The intersection of these fields offers rich opportunities to explore physical problems including fluid dynamics, radiative transfer, and phase transitions.

Graduate Students:

• Sooman Han: Sooman is interested in the evolution and habitability of planets and worked on modeling Jupiter’s radiation belts before joining Lora’s group. Currently, he studies atmospheric dynamics of Titan using the Titan Atmospheric Model (TAM).
• Caleb Keaveney: Caleb studies planetary atmospheres, with particular interests in the atmospheric and climate dynamics of outer solar system worlds.
• Serena Scholz: Serena is interested in the evolution of Earth’s hydroclimate, particularly how precipitation patterns change with time. She is currently studying the dynamics and effects of atmospheric rivers.
• Annika Margevich (minor discourse)
• Demetra Yancopoulos (minor discourse)

Undergraduate Students:

• Jas Hollis

Group Alumni

Postdoctoral Researchers:

• Seung Hun Baek (Postdoctoral Fellow 2020–2023)
• J. Michael Battalio (Postdoctoral Researcher 2019–2022; Associate Research Scientist 2022–2025)
• Will Rush (Postdoctoral Researcher 2022–2023)

Graduate Students:

• Nick Lombardo (PhD 2025)
• Ashley Arroyo (minor discourse; PhD 2025)
• Zhiyuan Li (minor discourse; PhD 2025)
• Guillaume Delaviel (minor discourse; MSc 2022)

Undergraduate Students:

• Ethan Olim (Group Member 2022–2024)
• Jaden Uram (Group Member 2023–2024)
• Sophia Getz (Senior Thesis 2024)
• Alyse Olcott (Senior Thesis 2024)
• Kunsang Dorjee (Senior Thesis 2022)
• Sofia Menemenlis (Senior Thesis 2020; Postgraduate Researcher 2020–2021)
• Nick Archambault (Senior Thesis 2021)
• Colin Baciocco (Senior Thesis 2021)
• Mary Yap (Senior Thesis 2021)
• Juliana Surprenant (Group Member 2020)
• Mike Machado (Senior Thesis 2019)

Publications

†Yale advisee

2026

• 83. Detelich, C.R., U.G. Schneck, A.G. Hayes, M. Curcic, R.V. Palermo, A.D. Ashton, J.T. Perron, J.M. Lora, J. Steckloff (2026). Modeling the seasonality of wind-driven hydrocarbon waves in Titan’s polar lakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 131, e2026JE009693.
• 82. Shultis, J., D.W. Waugh, A.D. Toigo, †N.A. Lombardo, and J.M. Lora (2026). Impact of Titan’s polar vortex on the transport of chemical species. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 131, e2025JE009367. 

2025

• 81.†Scholz, S.R. and J.M. Lora (2025). Widespread increase in atmospheric river frequency and impacts over the 20th century. AGU Advances 6, e2025AV001888. 
• 80.Schnaubelt, J.C., C.R. Tabor, B.L. Otto-Bliesner, and J.M. Lora (2025). Atmospheric river impacts on the Greenland Ice Sheet through the Last Interglacial. AGU Advances 6, e2025AV001653. 
• 79.†Han, S. and J.M. Lora (2025). Thermal inertia controls on Titan’s surface temperature and planetary boundary layer structure. Planetary Science Journal 6, 222.
• 78. Marlin, T.C., E.F. Young, K. de Kleer, M. Cordiner, †N.A. Lombardo, I. de Pater, J.M. Lora, P. Corlies, R. Cosentino, C. Nixon, S. Rodriguez, and A. Thelen (2025). Zonal winds in Titan’s middle atmosphere from a stellar occultation observed with Keck adaptive optics. Planetary Science Journal 6, 286.
• 77. †Baek, S.H., J.M. Lora, C.B. Skinner, M. Fu, and J. Zhu (2025). Atmospheric and oceanic energy transport during North Atlantic freshening events: influences of moisture transport and hydrologic cycle feedbacks. Climate Dynamics 63, 301.
• 76. Hill, S.A., S. Bordoni, J.L. Mitchell, and J.M. Lora (2025). Interpreting seasonal and interannual Hadley cell descending edge migrations via the cell-mean Rossby number. Journal of Climate, in press.
• 75. Seltzer, A.M., R.L. Tyne, I. Musan, J.B. Langman, D.J. Amaya, K.B. Karnauskas, J.M. Lora, G.J. Bowen, P.H. Barry, M. Costantini, M.W. Broadley, W.J. Jenkins, and D.V. Bekaert (2025). Past aquifer responses to climate recorded by fossil groundwater. Science Advances 11, eadu7812.
• 74. Wright, L., N.A. Teanby, P.G.J. Irwin, C.A. Nixon, †N.A. Lombardo, J.M. Lora, and D. Mitchell (2025). Seasonal evolution of Titan’s stratospheric tilt and temperature field at high resolution from Cassini/CIRS. Planetary Science Journal 6, 114.
• 73. Nixon, C.,  B. Bézard, T. Cornet, B. Coy, I. de Pater, M. Es-Sayeh, H. Hammel, E. Lellouch, †N. Lombardo, M. López-Puertas, J.M. Lora, and 34 co-authors (2025). Titan’s atmosphere in late northern summer from JWST and Keck observations. Nature Astronomy 9, pages 969–981.
• 72. †Battalio, J.M., J.M. Lora, S.W. Lubis, and P. Hassanzadeh (2025). Propagation and periodicity of Mars’s northern annular mode modulates the dust cycle. Geophysical Research Letters 52, e2024GL112814.
• 71. Lora, J.M., E.P. Turtle, and J.L. Mitchell (2025). Titan’s weather, climate, and paleoclimate. In: Titan After Cassini-Huygens (COSPAR Book Series). R. Lopes, C. Elachi, I. Mueller-Wodarg, and A. Solomonidou, Eds. Elsevier, pp. 201–237.
• 70. †Rush, W.D., J.M. Lora, C. Skinner, †S. Menemenlis, and 21 co-authors (2025). Atmospheric river detection under changing seasonality and mean-state climate: ARTMIP tier 2 paleoclimate experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres130, e2024JD042222.
• 69. †Olim, E., J.M. Lora, and †J.M. Battalio (2025). Methane storm characteristics and evolution in simulations of Titan’s hydroclimate. Icarus 425, 116290.

2024

• 68. †Scholz, S.R. and J.M. Lora (2024). Atmospheric rivers cause warm winters and extreme heat events. Nature 636, 640–646.
• 67. †Battalio, J.M., M. Cohen, P. read, J.M. Lora, T. McConnachie, and K. McGouldrick (2024). Oscillations in terrestrial planetary atmospheres. In: Atmospheric Oscillations: Sources of Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Variability and Predictability. B. Guan, Ed. Elsevier, pp. 399–441.
• 66. Lora, J.M. (2024). Moisture transport and the methane cycle of Titan’s lower atmosphere. Icarus 422, 116241.
• 65. †Battalio, J.M. and J.M. Lora (2024). Increases in the local eddy energetics of the extratropical atmosphere over the last four decades. Journal of Climate 37, 3283–3304.
• 64. Williams, D.A.*, X. Ji*, P. Corlies*, and J.M. Lora (2024). Clouds and seasonality on terrestrial planets with varying rotation rates. Astrophysical Journal 963, 36.  
  *2022 Rossbypalooza summer school advisees
• 63. Chatain, A., S.C.R. Rafkin, A. Soto, E. Moisan, J.M. Lora, A. Le Gall, R. Hueso, and A. Spiga (2024). The impact of lake shape and size on lake breezes and air–lake exchanges on Titan. Icarus 411, 115925.

2023

• 62. †Lombardo, N.A., and J.M. Lora (2023). The heat and momentum budgets of Titan’s middle atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 128, e2023JE008061.
• 61. Oster, J.L., S. Macarewich, M. Lofverstrom, C. de Wet, I. Montañez, J.M. Lora, C. Skinner, and C. Tabor (2023). North Atlantic meltwater during Heinrich Stadial 1 drives wetter climate with more atmospheric rivers in western North America.  Science Advances 9,  eadj222.
• 60. Lora, J.M., C.B. Skinner, †W.D. Rush, †S.H. Baek (2023). The hydrologic cycle and atmospheric rivers in CESM2 simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters 50, e2023GL104805.
• 59. Lewis, N.T., †N.A. Lombardo, P.L. Read, and J.M. Lora (2023). Equatorial waves and superrotation in the stratosphere of a Titan general circulation model. Planetary Science Journal 4, 149.
• 58.†Baek, S.H., Y. Kanzaki, J.M. Lora, N. Planavsky, C.T. Reinhard, and S. Zhang (2023). Impact of climate on the global capacity for enhanced rock weathering on croplands. Earth’s Future 11, e2023EF003698.
• 57. Birch, S.P.D., G. Parker, P. Corlies, J.M. Soderblom, J.W. Miller, R.V. Palermo, J.M. Lora, A.D. Ashton, A.G. Hayes, and J.T. Perron (2023). Reconstructing river flows remotely on Earth, Titan, and Mars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, e2206837120.
• 56. Shields, C.A., et al. (including J.M. Lora) (2023). Future atmospheric rivers and impacts on precipitation: Overview of the ARTMIP Tier 2 high-resolution global warming experiment. Geophysical Research Letters 50, e2022GL102091.
• 55. †Baek, S.H., †J.M. Battalio, and J.M. Lora (2023). Atmospheric river variability over the last millennium driven by annular modes. AGU Advances 4, e2022AV000834.
• 54. Skinner, C.B., J.M. Lora, C. Tabor, and J. Zhu (2023). Atmospheric river contributions to ice sheet hydroclimate at the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters50, e2022GL101750.
• 53. †Lombardo, N.A. and J.M. Lora (2023). Influence of observed seasonally varying composition on Titan’s stratospheric circulation. Icarus 390, 115291.
• 52. Lee, H.-I., J.L. Mitchell, J.M. Lora, and A. Tripati (2023). Influence of stationary waves on precipitation change in North American summer during the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Climate 36, 3165–3182.

2022

• 51. †Menemenlis, S., S.M. White, D.E. Ibarra, and J.M. Lora (2022). A proxy-model comparison for mid-Pliocene warm period hydroclimate in the Southwestern US. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 596, 117803.
• 50. Lewis-Merrill, R.A., S. Moon, J.L. Mitchell, and J.M. Lora (2022). Assessing environmental factors of alluvial fan formation on Titan. Planetary Science Journal 3, 223.
• 49. Lora, J.M., †J.M. Battalio, †M. Yap, and †C. Baciocco (2022). Topographic and orbital forcing of Titan’s hydroclimate. Icarus 384, 115095.
• 48. †Baek, S.H., Y. Kushnir, M. Ting,  J.E. Smerdon, and J.M. Lora (2022). Regional signatures of forced North Atlantic SST variability: A limited role for aerosols and greenhouse gases. Geophysical Research Letters 49, e2022GL097794.
• 47. Collow, A., C.A. Shields, B. Guan, S. Kim, J.M. Lora, and 15 co-authors (2022). An overview of ARTMIP’s Tier 2 reanalysis intercomparison: Uncertainty in the detection of atmospheric rivers and their associated precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127, e2021JD036155.
• 46. Comola, F., J. Kok, J.M. Lora, K. Cohanim, X. Yu, C. He, P. McGuiggan, S. Hörst, and F. Turney (2022). Titan’s prevailing circulation might drive highly intermittent, yet significant sediment transport. Geophysical Research Letters 49, e2022GL097913.
• 45. Amaya, D.J., A.M. Seltzer, K.B. Karnauskas, J.M. Lora, X. Zhang, and P.N. DiNezio (2022). Air–sea coupling shapes North American hydroclimate response to ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 578, 117271.
• 44. O’Brien, T.A., et al. (including J.M. Lora) (2022). Increases in future AR count and size: Overview of the ARTMIP Tier 2 CMIP5/6 experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127, e2021JD036013.
• 43. Rafkin, S., J.M. Lora, A. Soto, and †J.M. Battalio (2022). The interaction of deep convection with the general circulation in Titan’s atmosphere. Part 1: Cloud resolving simulations. Icarus 373, 114755. 
• 42. †Battalio, J.M., J.M. Lora, S. Rafkin, and A. Soto (2022). The interaction of deep convection with the general circulation in Titan’s atmosphere. Part 2: Impacts on the climate. Icarus 373, 114623. 
• 41. Rodriguez, S., et al. (including J.M. Lora) (2022). Science goals and new mission concepts for a future exploration of Titan’s atmosphere, geology and habitability: Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON). Experimental Astronomy 54, 911–973.

2021

• 40.†Baek, S.H., Y. Kushnir, W.A. Robinson, J.M. Lora, D.E. Lee, M. Ting (2021).  An atmospheric bridge between subpolar and tropical Atlantic regions: A perplexing asymmetric teleconnection. Geophysical Research Letters 48, e2021GL096602.
• 39. †Baek, S.H. and J.M. Lora (2021). Counterbalancing influences of aersols and greenhouse gases on atmospheric rivers. Nature Climate Change 11, 958–965.
• 38. †Battalio, J.M. and J.M. Lora (2021). Global impacts from high-latitude storms on Titan. Geophysical Research Letters 48, e2021GL094244. 
• 37. †Battalio, J.M. and J.M. Lora (2021). Annular modes of variability in the atmospheres of Mars and Titan. Nature Astronomy 5, 1139–1147. 
• 36. †Menemenlis, S.A., J.M. Lora, M. Lofverstrom, and D. Chandan (2021). Influence of stationary waves on mid-Pliocene atmospheric rivers and hydroclimate. Global and Planetary Change 204, 103557. 
• 35. Nichols-Fleming, F., P. Corlies, A.G. Hayes, M. Ádámkovics, P. Rojo, S. Rodriguez, E.P. Turtle, J.M. Lora, and J.M. Soderblom (2021). Tracking short-term variations in the haze distribution of Titan’s atmosphere with SINFONI VLT. Planetary Science Journal 2, 180. 
• 34. Barnes, J.W., et al. (including J.M. Lora) (2021). Science goals and objectives for the Dragonfly Titan rotorcraft relocatable lander. Planetary Science Journal 2, 130. 
• 33. MacKenzie, S.M., S.P.D. Birch, S. Hörst, C. Sotin, E. Barth, J.M. Lora, and 27 co-authors (2021). Titan: Earth-like on the outside, Ocean World on the inside. Planetary Science Journal 2, 112. 
• 32. Kageyama, M., S.P. Harrison, M.-L. Kapsch, M. Löfverström, J.M. Lora, and 18 co-authors (2021). The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: Preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations. Climate of the Past 17, 1065–1089. 

2020

• 31. Lora, J.M., C.A. Shields, and J.J. Rutz (2020). Consensus and disagreement in atmospheric river detection: ARTMIP global catalogues. Geophysical Research Letters 47, e2020GL089302. 
• 30. Rehfeld, K., R. Hébert, J.M. Lora, M. Lofverstrom, and C.M. Brierly (2020). Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future. Earth System Dynamics 11, 447–468. 
• 29. Skinner, C.B., J.M. Lora, A.E. Payne, and C.J. Poulsen (2020). Atmospheric river changes shaped mid-latitude hydroclimate since the mid-Holocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 541, 116293. 
• 28. O’Brien, T.A., et al. (including J.M. Lora) (2020). Detection uncertainty matters for understanding atmospheric rivers. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, E790–E796. 
• 27. Dixit, Y., S. Toucanne, C. Fontanier, V. Pasquier, J.M. Lora, G. Jouet, and A. Tripati (2020). Enhanced western Mediterranean rainfall during past interglacials driven by North Atlantic pressure changes. Quaternary International 533, 1–13.
• 26. Santi, L.M., A.J. Arnold, D.E. Ibarra, C.A. Whicker, J.A. Mering, R.B. Lomarda, J.M. Lora, and A. Tripati (2020). Clumped isotope constraints on changes in latest Pleistocene hydroclimate in the northwestern Great Basin: Lake Surprise, California. GSA Bulletin132, 2669–2683. 
• 25. Faulk, S.P.*, J.M. Lora*, J.L. Mitchell, and P.C.D. Milly (2020). Titan’s climate patterns and surface methane distribution due to the coupling of land hydrology and atmosphere. Nature Astronomy 4, 390–398.
  *Equal-contribution authors

2019

• 24. Rutz, J.J., C.A. Shields, J.M. Lora, and 35 co-authors (2019). The atmospheric river tracking method intercomparison project (ARTMIP): Quantifying uncertainties in atmospheric river climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, 13777–13802. 
• 23. Lora, J.M. and D.E. Ibarra (2019). The North American hydrologic cycle through the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 226, 105991. 
• 22. Lee, H.-I., J.L. Mitchell, A. Tripati, J.M. Lora, G. Chen, and Q. Ding (2019). North Atlantic and Pacific quasi-stationary parts of atmospheric rivers and their implications for East Asian monsoon onset. Geophysical Research Letters 46, 12311–12320. 
• 21. Lora, J.M., T. Tokano, J. Vatant d’Ollone, S. Lebonnois, and R.D. Lorenz (2019). A model intercomparison of Titan’s climate and low-latitude environment. Icarus 333, 136–126. 
• 20. MacKenzie, S.M., J.M. Lora, and R.D. Lorenz (2019). A thermal inertia map of Titan. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 124, 1728–1742. 
• 19. Molaro, J.L., M. Choukroun, C. Phillips, E. Phelps, R. Hodyss, K. Mitchell, J.M. Lora, and G. Meirion-Griffith (2019). The microstructural evolution of water ice in the solar system through sintering. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 124, 243–277. 

2018

• 18. Hill, S.A., J.M. Lora, N. Khoo, S.P. Faulk, and J. Aurnou (2018). Affordable rotating fluid demonstrations for geoscience education: The DIYnamics project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, 2529–2538. 
• 17. Lora, J.M. (2018). Components and mechanisms of hydrologic cycle changes over North America at the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Climate 31, 7035–7051. 
• 16. Shields, C.A., J.J. Rutz, L.R. Leung, F.M. Ralph, M. Wehner, B. Kawzenuk, J.M. Lora, and 32 co-authors (2018). Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP): Experimental design and project goals. Geoscientific Model Development 11, 2455–2474. 
• 15. Turtle, E.P., J.E. Perry, J.M. Barbara, A.D. Del Genio, S. Rodriguez, C. Sotin, J.M. Lora, S. Faulk, P. Corlies, J. Kelland, S.M. MacKenzie, R.A. West, A.S. McEwen, J.I. Lunine, J. Pitesky, T.L. Ray, and M. Roy (2018). Titan’s meteorology over the Cassini mission: Evidence for extensive subsurface methane reservoirs. Geophysical Research Letters 45, 5320–5328. 
• 14. Lora, J.M., T. Kataria, and P. Gao (2018). Atmospheric circulation, chemistry, and infrared spectra of Titan-like exoplanets around different stellar types. Astrophysical Journal 853, 58–67. 

2017

• 13. Faulk, S.P., S. Moon, J.L. Mitchell, and J.M. Lora (2017). Regional patterns of extreme precipitation on Titan consistent with observed alluvial fan distribution. Nature Geoscience 10, 827–831. 
• 12. Löfverström, M. and J.M. Lora (2017). Abrupt regime shifts in the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation over the last deglaciation. Geophysical Research Letters 44, 8047–8055. 
• 11. Lora, J.M., J.L. Mitchell, C. Risi, and A.E. Tripati (2017). North Pacific atmospheric rivers and their influence on North America at the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters 44, 1051–1059. 
• 10. Lora, J.M. and M. Ádámkovics (2017). The near-surface methane humidity on Titan. Icarus 286, 270–279. 

2016

• 9. Lora, J.M., J.L. Mitchell, and A.E. Tripati (2016). Abrupt reorganization of North Pacific and western North American climate during the last deglaciation. Geophysical Research Letters 43, 11796–11804. 
• 8. Mitchell, J.L. and J.M. Lora (2016). The climate of Titan. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science 44, 353–380. 
• 7. McDonald, G.D., A.G. Hayes, R.C. Ewing, J.M. Lora, C.E. Newman, T. Tokano, A. Lucas, A. Soto, and G. Chen (2016). Variations in Titan’s dune orientations as a result of orbital forcing. Icarus 270, 197–210. 
• 6. Neish, C.D., J.L. Molaro., J.M. Lora, A.D. Howard, R.L. Kirk, P. Schenk, V.J. Bray, and R.D. Lorenz (2016). Fluvial erosion as a mechanism for crater modification on Titan. Icarus 270, 114–129. 

2015

• 5. Lora, J.M. and J.L. Mitchell (2015). Titan’s asymmetric lake distribution mediated by methane transport due to atmospheric eddies. Geophysical Research Letters 42, 6213–6220. 
• 4. Lora, J.M., J.I. Lunine, and J.L. Russell (2015). GCM simulations of Titan’s middle and lower atmosphere and comparison to observations. Icarus 250, 516–528. 

2011–2014

• 3. Lora, J.M., J.I. Lunine, J.L. Russell, and A.G. Hayes (2014). Simulations of Titan’s paleoclimate. Icarus 243, 264–273. 
• 2. Griffith, C.A., J.M. Lora, J. Turner, P.F. Penteado, R.H. Brown, M.G. Tomasko, L. Doose, and C. See (2012). Possible tropical lakes on Titan from observations of dark terrain. Nature 486, 237–239. 
• 1. Lora, J.M., P.J. Goodman, J.L. Russell, and J.I. Lunine (2011). Insolation in Titan’s troposphere. Icarus 216, 116–119.